/*R FRINGE COMMENTARY: "Computer-Related Offenses" from the Connecticut General Statutes. */ PART XXII SECTION 53a-250 For the purposes of this part and section 52-570b: (1) "Access" means to instruct, communicated with, store data in or retrieve data from a computer, computer system or computer network. (2) "Computer" means a programmable, electronic device capable of accepting and processing data. (3) "Computer network" means (A) a set of related devices connected through a computer by communications facilities, or (b) a complex of two or more computers, including related devices, connected by communications facilities. (4) "Computer program" means a set of instructions, statements or related data that, in actual or modified form, is capable of causing a computer or computer system to perform specified functions. (5) "Computer services" includes, but is not limited to, computer access, data processing and data storage. (6) "Computer software" means one or more computer programs, existing in any form, or any associated operational procedures, manuals or other documentation. (7) "Computer system" means a computer, its software, related equipment, communications facilities, if any, and includes computer networks. (8) "Data" means information of any kind in any form, including computer software. (9) "Person" means a natural person, corporation, trust, partnership, incorporated or unincorporated association and any other legal or governmental entity, including any state or municipal entity or public official. /* This is very interesting. Apparently, the State of Connecticut is providing that the State has got liability for software piracy. Compare this to the State of California. */ (10) "Private personal data" means data concerning a natural person which a reasonable person would want to keep private and which is protectable under law. (11) "Property" means anything of value, including data. SECTION 53a-251 Computer Crime (a) Defined. A person commits computer crime when he violated any of the provisions of this section. (b) Unauthorized access to a computer system. (1) A person is guilty of the computer crime of unauthorized access to a computer system when, knowing that he is not authorized to do so, he accesses or causes to be accesses any computer system without authorization. (2) It shall be an affirmative defense to a prosecution for unauthorized access to a computer system that: (A) The person reasonably believed that the owner of the computer system, or a person empowered to license access thereto, had authorized him to access; (B) the person reasonably believed that the owner of the computer system, or a person empowered to license access thereto, would have authorized him to access without payment of any consideration; or (C) the person reasonably could not have known that his access was unauthorized. /* This means that the sign on your system, and the opening screens of anything that you want to keep confidential (for example, embedded in the files themselves) clearly marked as confidential. */ (c) Theft of computer services. A person is guilty of the computer crime of theft of computer services when he accesses or caused to be accessed or otherwise uses or causes to be used a computer system with the intent to obtain unauthorized computer services. (d) Interruption of computer services. A person is guilty of the computer crime of interruption of computer services when he, without authorization, intentionally or recklessly disrupts or degrades or causes the disruption or degradation of computer services or denies or causes the denial of computer services to an authorized user of a computer system. (e) Misuse of computer system information. A person is guilty of the computer crime of misuses of computer system information when: (1) As a result of his accessing or causing to be accessed a computer system, he intentionally makes or causes to be made an unauthorized display, use, disclosure or copy, in any form, of data residing in, communicated by or produced by a computer system; or (2) he intentionally or recklessly and without authorization (A) alters, deletes, tampers with, damages, destroys or takes data intended for use by a computer system, or (B) intercepts or adds data to data residing within a computer system; or (3) he knowingly receives or retains data obtained in violation of subdivision (1) or (2) of this subsection; or (4) he uses or discloses any data he knows or believes was obtained in violation of subdivision (1) or (2) of this subsection. (f) A person is guilty of the computer crime of destruction of computer equipment when he, without authorization, intentionally or recklessly tampers with, takes, transfers, conceals, alters, damages or destroys any equipment used in a computer system or intentionally or recklessly causes any of the foregoing to occur. SECTION 53a-252 Computer crime in the first degree: Class B felony (a) A person is guilty of computer crime in the first degree when he commits computer crime as is defined in section 53a-251 and the damages to or the value of the property or computer services exceeds ten thousand dollars. (b) Computer crime in the first degree is a Class B felony. SECTION 53a-253. Computer crime in the second degree: Class C felony. (a) A person is guilty of computer time in the second degree when he commits computer crime as defined in section 53a-251 and the damage to or the value of the property or computer services exceeds five thousand dollars. (b) Computer crime in the second degree is a Class C felony. SECTION 53a-254. Computer crime in the third degree: Class D felony. (a) A person is guilty of computer time in the third degree when he commits computer crime as defined in section 53a-251 and (1) the damage to or the value of the property or computer services exceeds one thousand dollars or (2) he recklessly engages in conduct which creates a risk of serious physical injury to another person. (b) Computer crime in the second degree is a Class D felony. SECTION 53a-255. Computer crime in the fourth degree: Class A misdemeanor. (a) A person is guilty of computer time in the fourth degree when he commits computer crime as defined in section 53a-251 and the damage to or the value of the property or computer services exceeds five hundred dollars. (b) Computer crime in the fourth degree is a Class A misdemeanor. SECTION 53a-256.Computer crime in the fifth degree: Class B misdemeanor. (a) A person is guilty of computer time in the fifth degree when he commits computer crime as defined in section 53a-251 and the damage to or the value of the property or computer services, if any, is five hundred dollars or less. (b) Computer crime in the fifth degree is a Class B misdemeanor. SECTION 53a-257. Alternative fine based on defendant's gain. If a person has gained money, property or services or other consideration through the commission of any offense under section 53a-251, upon conviction thereof, the court, in lieu of imposing a fine, may sentence the defendant to pay an amount, fixed by the court, not to exceed double the amount of the defendant's gain from the commission of such offense. In such case the court shall make a finding as to the amount of the defendant's gain from the offense, and if the record does not contain sufficient evidence to support such a finding, the court may conduct a hearing upon the issue. For the purpose of this section, "gain" means the amount of money or the value of property or computer services or other consideration derived. SECTION 53a-258. Determination of degree of crime. Amounts included in violations of Section 53a-251 committed pursuant to one scheme or course of conduct, whether from the same person or several persons, may be aggregated in determining the degree of the crime. SECTION 53a-259. Value of property or computer services. (a) For the purposes of this part and section 52-570b, the value of property or computer services shall be: (1) The market value of the property or computer services at the time of the violation; or (2) if the property or computer services are unrecoverable, damages or destroyed as a result of a violation of section 53a-251, the cost of reproducing or replacing the property or computer services at the time of the violation. (b) When the value of the property or computer services or damage thereto cannot be satisfactorily ascertained, the value shall be deemed to be two hundred fifty dollars. (c) Notwithstanding the provisions of this section, the value of private personal data shall be deemed to be one thousand five hundred dollars. SECTION 53a-26. Location of offense. (a) In any prosecution for a violation of section 53a-251 the offense shall be deemed to have been committed in the town in which the act occurred or in which the computer system or part thereof involved in the violation was located. (b) In any prosecution for a violation of section 53a-251 based upon more than one act in violation thereof, the offense shall be deemed to have been committed in any of the towns in which any of the acts occurred or in which a computer system or part thereof involved was located. (c) If any act performed in furtherance of the offenses set out in section 53a-251 occurs in this state or if any computer system or part thereof accessed in violation of section 53a-251 is located in this state, the offense shall be deemed to have occurred in this state. Downloaded From P-80 International Information Systems 304-744-2253